The seemingly thick atmosphere of exoplanet TOI-561 b, seen here in an artist’s rendition, is most likely composed of material outgassed from its molten surface. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford ...

Coccolithophores build armored shells out of calcium carbonate, influencing ocean chemistry in the process. Credit: Courtesy Dr. Alison Taylor; Mejia, 2011, https ...

In the coming decades, climate change is likely to lead to a loss of sea ice in and an influx of warmer water to the Arctic Ocean, affecting the ocean’s vertical circulation. Brown et al. recently ...

An olive tree in Ni’lin, a town in the West Bank, caught fire after a tear gas grenade detonated during a Palestinian demonstration against land confiscation by Israel in 2016. Credit: יורם שורק via ...

Clouds on Venus race across the sky at speeds of more than 100 meters per second, driven by incompletely understood atmospheric dynamics. Credit: Kevin M. Gill, CC BY 2.0 Imagine the catastrophic ...

Aurorae such as the southern lights, seen here over Antarctica, show the geomagnetic field in action. Some areas of the field, which shields Earth’s surface from charged solar particles, are stronger ...

The ocean has helped mitigate global warming by absorbing around a quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, along with more than 90% of the excess heat those emissions generate. This ...

Coupling an AI-driven model of the atmosphere with a model of the ocean could help scientists create highly efficient emulations of the entire Earth system. Modelers have demonstrated that artificial ...

McDougall and Argall now report observations of a switchback-shaped structure in Earth’s magnetic field, suggesting that switchbacks can also form near planets. The researchers discovered the ...

The figure depicts the hierarchy of different types of Earth System climate models. These vary in complexity (increasing from bottom to top) and in the kinds of compromises sacrificed to computation.

Heat waves, such as the record-breaking Siberian heat wave in 2020, are having lingering impacts on Arctic ecosystems. Credit: Andrei Zverev/Flickr, CC BY-NC 2.0 Now Kwon et al. suggest that the ...

Enterprise Rupes, a large fault that cuts across the Rembrandt Basin crater (the large crater on the right) on the surface of Mercury. This fault—and many others like it—may have resulted from the ...