How does DNA determine an organism’s characteristics? A process called translation decodes RNA created during transcription, and uses it to create proteins that perform specific cellular functions.

The genomes of species from bacteria to Drosophila show unique biases for particular synonymous codons—varying triplet base pairs that code for the same amino acids—but it has been unclear if such ...

The cells in living organisms are constantly making proteins. Ribosomes, the RNA-protein complexes that make other proteins, ...

This film creatively illustrates the process of protein synthesis through dance, symbolizing the assembly of amino acids into proteins. It explains how genes encode instructions for amino acid ...

Starting from the four innermost letters and working to the outermost ring, this table shows shows which three-letter base sequence or codon encodes which amino acid. In the journal Angewandte Chemie ...

DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA carries the genetic code to the ribosome, the cell’s protein-making machinery. Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence, and as the ribosome moves along the ...

Can we reprogram existing life at will? To synthetic biologists, the answer is yes. The central code for biology is simple. DNA letters, in groups of three, are translated into amino acids—Lego blocks ...