While synthetic opiods are a relatively new class of drugs, opium has a long destructive history in trade wars and warfare, ...

But Mr Trump’s most incendiary claims are reserved for China. The Communist Party, he says, “has subsidised and otherwise ...

The British forces inflicted a series of military defeats on the Chinese until 1842, when the war was ended with the Treaty ...

In the mid-1840's, following defeat by Britain in the first Opium War, a series of natural catastrophes occurred across China resulting in famine, peasant uprisings and rebellions. Understandably ...

266-69 Kishlansky Introduction: Lin Zexu (1785-1850) was the Chinese Commissioner in Canton whose actions precipitated the Opium Wars (1839-1842). Although opium was used in China for centuries, it ...

Millions of Chinese were addicted to opium in those days ... Volume one runs through 1937, when the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. Volume two covers the subsequent period through Japan ...

Opium was grown in British India, and smuggled into China. The Chinese resisted the opium trade. This led to war, after the Chinese destroyed all the British opium in China. The Chinese army and ...

The other flows from opium trafficking supported by the Taliban ... The ensuing decade-long war between the Soviets and the U.S.-backed mujahideen claimed farm-to-market roads, irrigation canals ...

Further hostilities broke out in the Second Opium War of 1856-58 when combined British and French forces again inflicted military defeats on China and demanded further concessions on trade.