IPsec incorporates several cryptographic operations to ensure message authenticity, data integrity, and sender nonrepudiation. In this section we will describe the mechanics of these cryptographic ...

An algorithm that transforms a given amount of data (the "message") into a fixed number of digits, known as the "hash," "digest" or "digital fingerprint." Hash functions are a fundamental component in ...

Part I introduced some of the challenges in the way of the public understanding of how Bitcoin works, and summarized the strategic roles of the open source software model, peer-to-peer networking, and ...

A digital signature, an asymmetric cryptography is designed using VHDL. The implementation has a Message Digest block and a RSA block. Implemented Digital Signature Algorithm on a Spartan 3 FPGA board ...