A collision between relativistic ions will sometimes, if the temperatures/energies of the particles are high enough, create a temporary state known as a quark-gluon plasma: where even individual ...

Description: Fundamental concepts of mechanics: vector operations, forces and couples, free body diagrams, equilibrium of a particle and of rigid bodies. Friction. Distributed forces. Centers of ...

Penn Engineers have developed a mathematical "Rosetta Stone" that translates atomic and molecular movements into predictions ...